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In a group tournament, unlike a knockout tournament, there is no decisive final match. Instead, all the competitors are ranked by examining the results of all the matches played in the tournament. Points are awarded for each match,〔A match for the purposes of a tournament (also called a ''tie'', ''fixture'', or ''rubber'') may comprise multiple individual matches in the sport or game concerned (also called ''rubbers'' or ''legs'').〕 with competitors ranked based either on total number of points or average points per match. Usually (though not always, e.g. the 1895 County Championship in English cricket) each competitor plays an equal number of matches, in which case rankings by total points and by average points are equivalent. In several leagues and competitions, like the National Hockey League, league tables during the regular season are also determined by points. Since this calculation is not based solely on wins and losses, like ''winning percentage'' or ''games behind'', the statistic is also known as points percentage.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url= http://www.hockey-reference.com/leaders/points_pct_goalie_career.html )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url= http://www.nhl.com/ice/teamstats.htm?fetchKey=20092ALLAAAAll&sort=pointPctg&viewName=summary )〕 ==Points calculation== In two-competitor games where ties are rare or impossible, competitors are typically ranked by number of wins, with ties counting half; each competitor's listings are usually ordered Wins-Losses(-Ties). (In such games a ''games behind'' figure is sometimes included in listings for a tournament still in progress, to allow comparison of competitors who have not completed the same proportion of their allotted matches.) Giving a half-point for a draw in chess was introduced in 1868 by the British Chess Association; previously, drawn games in chess tournaments were replayed. Where draws are more common, the award may be 2 points for a win and 1 for a draw, which is mathematically equivalent but avoids having too many half-points in the listings. These are usually ordered Wins-Draws-Losses. If there are more than 2 competitors per match, points may be ordinal—for example, 3 for first, 2 for second, 1 for third. An extreme example of this is Formula One, where the top ten racers in each Grand Prix are given 25, 18, 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 and 1 respectively. Some games may have more complex ranking criteria. For example, in rugby union, bonus points may be awarded for scoring a certain number of tries in a match, usually four, or for losing by a relatively small margin, usually 7 (the value of a converted try) or less. Additionally in many leagues, the governing body is able to penalize a competitor who has broken the league's rules (for instance by allowing an ineligible player to play) by deducting points from that competitor's total. Sometimes this deduction may be carried over to a following season, particularly if the infraction occurs during the off-season, meaning that the competitor will start the following season with a negative points total rather than zero. In association football, where draws are relatively common, many leagues give 3 points for a win and 1 for a draw in an attempt to encourage attacking play. Besides the traditional 2-1-0 points and newer 3-1-0 points systems for win-draw-loss, various other systems have been used to try to encourage attractive play. Some examples: * 3-2-1 as in the Greek League 1959-73;〔(Greece - Final Tables 1959-1999 )〕 or 4-2-1. Giving 1 point extra in each case for losing may be simply cosmetic, but does allow for awarding 0 points for forfeiting a match. (The FIFA standard is to count a forfeit as a 3-0 defeat.) *The W-League in 2002 gave 4-1-0 with a bonus point for scoring three goals.〔(United States (Women) 2002 )〕 *The League of Ireland in 1981-82 had 4-3-2-1-0 points for away win — home win — away draw — home draw — loss〔((Republic of) Ireland League Tables )〕 *In China in the 1970s and 80s, bonus points were for scoring headed goals, and for teams whose players were selected for the national squad.〔(China League History )〕 *Bulgaria for three seasons 1984-7 gave no points for scoreless draws.〔(Bulgaria Championship History 1924-1997 )〕 *France gave a bonus point for scoring 3 goals in 1973-6,〔(France - First Division Results and Tables 1932-1998 )〕 but stopped after rumours this encouraged match fixing. However, Michel Hidalgo has reported to the French Football Federation similar proposals to encourage attacking play.〔(Football industry: French in search of lost goals )〕 Some leagues have used penalty shootouts after drawn games, in which case points will vary for regulation win — penalties win — penalties loss — regulation loss: * In the playoffs of the French women's league, 4-2-1-0.〔(France (Women) First Level 2001/02 )〕 *Yugoslav League had 2-1-0-0 from 1989-92〔(Yugoslavia - List of Final Tables )〕 *Major League Soccer had 3-1-0-0 from 1996-9.〔(USA - Major League Soccer )〕 *The original Japan Football League had 3-3-1-0 in 1996〔(Japan 1996 )〕 *In the North American Soccer League in 1975-84, 6-1-0-0, with a bonus point each for up to 3 goals scored〔(North American Soccer League )〕 *In the Western Soccer League in 1989, 6-4-2-0, with a bonus point each for up to 3 goals scored〔(USA - Western Soccer Alliance/League )〕 In FIBA (basketball)-sanctioned tournaments, where ties are impossible (a game goes into as many extra periods — or overtimes — as necessary to determine a winner), the following method is used: *Win (including by forfeit) = 2 points *Loss = 1 point *Loss by default (all players were ejected/disqualified) = 1 point *Loss by forfeit (fails to show up for a scheduled game or withdraws from the court before the end of the game) = 0 points〔(Official Basketball Rules 2012 pgs. 24-25 )〕 For an example, see 2006 FIBA World Championship. In the National Hockey League (and various other minor hockey leagues), where regular season games tied after three periods go into a five-minute sudden-death overtime period and then a shootout if needed, the following method is used: *Win: 2 points *Loss in regulation time: 0 points *Loss in overtime or shootout: 1 point Most European ice hockey leagues including KHL use an improvement to the NHL method that does not encourage regulation draws by awarding more combined points than regulation decisions. This system was also used at the 2010 Winter Olympics in the preliminary round-robin games:〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=2010 OWG Men's Tournament Playing Format )〕 *Win in regulation time: 3 points *Win in overtime or shootout: 2 points *Loss in regulation time: 0 points *Loss in overtime or shootout: 1 point ===Summary=== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Group tournament ranking system」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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